Diabetes symptoms and signs of sugar

Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease in which an increased content of blood sugar is observed.During food digestion, carbohydrates and proteins decompose in simple sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all sugar and some of the amino acids into glucose, which is used as a source of energy with each body of the body.Glucose enters the blood into insulin cells, hormone produced by the pancreas (a pear -shaped organ located under the stomach).Fixing the receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, insulin promotes the advancement of proteins that transport glucose from the depth of the cell to its surface, where they are connected to glucose and transport it to the cell.With diabetes mellitus, this process occurs several interference: insulin production with a pancreas can be partially or completely disturbed or the body of the body may be unable to respond effectively to the normal quantity of insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and is in two forms: diabetes of the first type or "dependent on insulin" and diabetes of the second type or "dependent on insulin". In the first type of diabetes, also known as young diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes suddenly develops and is most often found in people under the age of 30;The average age of its start of its development is between 12 and 14 years old.However, diabetes of the first type represents only 5% of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also called adult diabetes, is much more common.In this type of diabetes, the production of pancreatic insulin is only slightly reduced, but cells are unable to respond effectively to insulin, so this disease is considered to be resistance to insulin.The second type diabetes generally starts in degree and affects people over 40 and in particular full -fledged people, one of the risk factors is 50 years older.Sometimes in adults, diabetes of the first type can be observed.

The main causes of diabetes development are: hereditary predisposition, pancreatic disease, overload (read - overloading the same pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal routes), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, candy, jam, cakes, chocolate and more), animal fats, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus may occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or poisoning (including drugs).

With the two types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose in the urine, which is accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with diabetes of the first type is prescribed the poor amount of insulin, the excessive ejection of fatty acids of the adipose tissue will result in an overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a condition threatening the life known as diabetic ketosecitosis.Diabetic ketosecitosis can sometimes be found in patients with second type diabetes during periods when the body undergoes strong tension, for example, during a serious infectious disease.

People with the second type diabetes are sensitive to another disease threatening life, known as a non -moving hyperosmotic state, characterized by extremely high blood sugar.This disease is generally found in the elderly with another serious illness.A diabetic kettle attack or a hyperosmotic state can be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes can also suffer from low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10 to 20 years of diabetes, patients can have complications, for example, visual disturbances, renal lesions and degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (neuropathy).A strict control on the glucose content in the blood can hold or prevent the appearance of these complications.Loss of contact in the legs can lead to the fact that the damage will be left without attention and that the infection will occur.

Symptoms

What signs can say that you suffer from diabetes, or indicate that there is a danger of its occurrence?

• Excessive and frequent urilation (approximately every hour).The alarm clock at night to urinate.The body, in order to get rid of excess sugar, emitted it through the kidneys in the urine.
• Strong evening or increased need to drink a lot of liquids.It is caused by the fact that the level of glucose increases in the blood, which "removes" the liquid of the tissues, the fabric is dehydrated.Therefore, patients are forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
• Itching skin and genitals.
• Dry mouth.
• Bad healing of injuries.
• At the beginning, a significant weight, later reducing it due to a violation of the absorption of food, in particular carbohydrates.
• Reduction of immunity - frequent infections of banal flu and colds to pneumonia.
• Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: due to a forced famine in the short term or after intensive physical activity, headache, sweat of praise and a weakness of praise can occur.As soon as a person ate, he drank at least a cup of sweet tea, all the symptoms pass quickly.Indirectly, this may indicate a malfunction of the pancreas: insulin has entered the blood more than usual, and the level of sugar has decreased below the units of level 3-3.5.
• Increased appetite.
• Uncourted weight loss.
• Poor view.
• Fatigue and weakness.
• Frequent or constant infections of bladder, skin or gums.
• Numbness and tingling in the legs and hands.
• Signs of hypoglycemia.
• Strong symptoms of a hyperosmotic non -monetary state: extraordinary thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
• Strong symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms described are observed in 40 to 90% of diabetic patients long before diagnosis.But there are also "non -human" symptoms, the occurrence of which leads to increased blood sugar:

The skin is gradually becoming dry, wrinkled, palms and coarse, peeling, nails thicken, dry and brittle, on the ends develop and disappear completely, on the skin, due to a decrease in general immunity, pustaneous skin eruptions, boiling, carbunes, recurrences, appear on the need to test the patient.Often, the skin is affected by fungi, eczema, lichen.

1. The appearance and progression of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, angina of chest, memory decreases (the vessels of the brain suffer);
2. Diabetic changes in bloody vessels (retinopathy), reduction of vision;
3. Reduction in renal function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
4. Diabetic foot ("legs in the cold burn and crush warm" - a violation of blood supply to the lower limbs);
5. Sometimes the character (mental disorders) changes;
6. One of the signs of diabetes is the lesion of the gums - periodontitis, bleeding, blue gums and teeth begin to go up, sometimes leaving their legal place painless.
7. Diabetes mellitus affects the glands of internal secretion.Men are disinterested in women, they are reduced not only by libido, but also for power.Among women, the menstrual cycle is "lost", it happens that menstruation disappears completely.

This is why diabetes mellitus is called an endocrine exchange disease with pancreatic lesions, characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a violation of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, anti-abut, hidden diabetes mellitus and diabetes itself (explicit) are distinguished.The latter manifests itself in light, moderate and severe severity.

With pre-antiabetes, hidden diabetes and light diabetes, nutrition is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and serious forms - a necessary condition for successful treatment and the maintenance of an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more likely to shrink the coronary arteries and shrink the blood vessels that provide the brain and legs.The combination of infectious legs of the legs and the reduction in blood supply can cause gangrene (tissue), which requires amputation.

Treatment of diabetes of the first type requires one to four daily injections of insulin.(Insulin cannot be taken orally, because digestive juices destroy it.) In addition, it is necessary to observe a diet and do exercises so that blood sugar levels are not too high or too low.For diabetes of the second type, a diet combination, exercises and weight loss can be used, although drugs (including insulin) are also generally necessary.The treatment largely depends on self-testimony.Although there is no way to cure diabetes, almost all patients can control symptoms and lead a full life.

• The first type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs following an erroneous attack on the immune system on pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
• With the diabetes of the second box, the genetic factors are important.
• Excessive exhaustiveness makes people predisposed to the development of second type diabetes.
• Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids or diuretic thiazides, may increase the risk of developing diabetes of the second type.
• Other diseases, such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing or acromegaly syndrome, can lead to diabetes.Surgical elimination of the pancreas can also cause diabetes.
• Pregnant women can develop diabetes, which generally disappears after childbirth.These women risk developing second type diabetes in the future.
• Unlike existing opinion, the use of a large amount of sweetness does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general principles of nutrition in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

The calorie content of the food must be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal by reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cakes, ice cream, chocolate, candy, jam, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruits are complex carbohydrates (except for bananas, grapes, watermelon) and their consumption is authorized within normal limits.Sea fruits are useful due to high -quality high -quality proteins and minerals contained, in particular zinc - the component necessary for insulin production.Beans in zinc content, therefore necessary for patients with diabetes, and copper is a champion among vegetables.The use of beans reduces thirst and in the presence of concomitant atherosclerosis with a violation of the heart rate - restores the normal rhythm!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Between meals, drink water.It must be limited by the daily intake of sodium salt up to 10 g, vegetable animals and fats - at 50 g, as well as the consumption of dairy products with a high fat content (cheeses, ice cream, cream, sour cream), meat, sausages, smoked stains, chocolate, cakes, halva, caviar, brain,battery.

Prevention

• To avoid the development of second type diabetes, you must lose weight if your weight exceeds the standard by more than 20% and maintain a normal weight.
• Do the exercise regularly.
• There is no well known way to prevent diabetes of the first type.
• People with any type of diabetes should regularly undergo an eye examination for early detection and the treatment of diabetes of visual impairment.

Diagnosis

• Medical history and physical examination can give a basis for the hypothesis of the presence of the disease.
• The diagnosis can be made if a blood test on an empty stomach shows high levels of glucose (126 mg / dl or more) at least twice.
• When the test results are ambiguous, a sample on glucose tolerance can be done.The wood patient a drink containing 75 g of glucose, then the contents of blood sugar is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
• Urine analysis can be taken to determine the protein content.
• Measure blood glycogelobine;It shows the average glucose content in the blood in the last two to three months.

For diabetes of the first type:

• Daily insulin injections are necessary.It takes one to four daily injections to control the level of glucose in the blood.There are long -term drugs and rapid action, and they are often prescribed in a combination.
• A strict diet and a meal calendar are necessary to maintain the desired glucose level in the blood.Your doctor may recommend foods with low fat, salt and cholesterol and can advise you to visit a nutritionist for food planning.
• Since physical exercises and insulin reduce glucose levels, exercises and insulin introduction must be designed so that their effect is not applied and does not cause a dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
• A strict calendar of injection, food and realization exercises is necessary for appropriate control of the disease.

For the second type diabetes:

• The use of low and low foods in terms of calories in combination with the correct performance of the exercises is necessary to control the weight.
• Drugs taken as orally can be stated to increase the production of insulin pancreas, if the exercises and the diet do not suffer from blood sugar.
• Other oral drugs can reduce insulin resistance or slow down the absorption of intestines sugar.
• Insulin injections may be necessary for high attacks of the second type of diabetes or if a diabetes patient of the second type has another disease.

For both types of diabetes:

• Blood tests are necessary to measure glucose levels, one to four times a day (depending on the doctor's recommendation).Your doctor will advise you which device can be used at home to measure blood sugar.
• Particular attention must be paid to the development of atherosclerosis, as it is often combined with diabetes.Diabetes patients should not smoke, should eat low fats, cholesterol and salt and take medication for high blood pressure or high cholesterol.
• People with diabetes should drink a large amount of water when they get sick with another disease, for example, flu, to fill the lost liquid and prevent diabetic coma.During illness, people with diabetes of the first type should check the urine of keton bodies every four to six hours.
• People with diabetes should take care of their feet and check them every day.Damage to diabetes nerves reduce the sensitivity of the legs, and small damage can cause the development of serious infectious diseases.
• Laser photocoagulation to prevent ruptures of tiny blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or cure diabetic retinopathy.Most patients with diabetes should check the eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the very first manifestations of retinopathy.
• Dialysis, the artificial blood filtering process may be necessary for renal failure.In serious cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary,
• A clear control of the level of glucose in the blood preserves or prevents subsequent complications that affect the eyes, kidneys and the nervous system.
• Renal lesions can be slowed down when checking blood pressure.

When you need a doctor

• Contact the doctor if you notice a sudden or progressive increase in a feeling of hunger, thirst or increase the amount of urine produced.
• Contact the doctor if you are sick of diabetes and fall at the same time sick with a flowing nose or flu, which has put blood sugar out of control.Do not use the drug sold without a prescription without consulting a doctor.
• Attention!Call an ambulance if a diabetes patient loses consciousness.Tell the doctor that a person is sick with diabetes.
• Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of a non -brown hyperosmotic state;They include severe thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
• Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Immediately, call the ambulance if you have symptoms of diabetic ketoacitosis;They include dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or with an aroma of fruit smell, difficulty breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urination and severe thirst (or without).
• Attention!(With the first type of diabetes.) Take a doctor immediately if the presence of ketone bodies and the measures prescribed by your doctor are in the urine, do not help to deal with the problem.